Financial Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola

PepsiCo and Coca Cola are two major companies that manufacture beverages. They compete to be the number on manufacturer and distributor of beverages in the world. These two companies are very identifiable in this market and you know them as PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have undoubtedly dominated the markets worldwide that they both receive universal recognition for their different products. Although, there are many other manufacturers and distributors of beverages these two are the major competitors.Not only do they produce soda drinks, they also produce flavored water, spring water, and some energy drinks. PepsiCo, best known for Pepsi and Coca Cola best known for Coke have great marketing anddue to this they are able to target all income brackets. Their marketing and reasonable prices make iteasy for the people to buy their products in all income brackets. I will be examining both company’s income statements and balance sheets to disclose thefinancial condition of these companies in relation one to another.I will also perform vertical andhorizontal analysis from their annual report of financial data. There are a vast amount of manufacturers and distributors in this market, but Pepsi and Coca-Cola have managed to stay in the number one spot for a couple of decades. These two companies have not only dominated the market domestically they have dominated the worldwide market. They followed a plan that kept them above and beyond the market of soft drinks. They have overcome obstacles that allowed them to manufacture and distribute globally. (The Coca Cola Company, 2009).These companies compete with one another for the same customers. When one company comes up with a product the other company comes out with something very similar to it; this is called the â€Å"follow up strategy,† and while doing so they live the other companies behind dazed and confused, wondering what just happened. (www. PepsiCo. com, 2009). Being successful does not come without a price, both of this companies has had to deal with legal issues, precedents, and politics. These two companies are the best examples on how leadership is the power of influence.They design their product geared towards a certain taste and to appeal to a certain population and make look as though they are subjected to certain ethical and moral practices. Their influence in this market is so powerful that they drive out and shut down any other competitor in this market. I would like for you to keep in mind that all financial data of these companies are shown in millions so if you see a figure of 200 that means 200 million and if you see 5,000 it is in the billions. We will start with a vertical analysis of these companies. The vertical analysis comes from each company’s financial statements.The total assets for each company will be the starting point of this analysis. Coca Cola’s total assets in 2004 were $31,441 and its 2005 total assets were $29,427. Pep siCo’s total assets for 2004 were $27,987 and its total assets for 2005 were $31,727. (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2008). The total asset of each of the figures relates to items from each company’s balance sheet. The cost of sales for PepsiCo during 2004 was $12,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 45. 3% of total assets and for 2005 the cost of sales was $14,167 yielding a ratio percentage of 44. 7% of total assets.Coca-Cola’s cost of sales in 2004 was $7,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 24. 4% of total assets and in 2005it was $8,195 yielding a ratio percentage of 27. 8% of total assets. PepsiCo experienced a 5% increase within a one year span and Coca Cola experienced a 3. 4% increase during the same span. This does not mean that this increase is a positive analysis since the single figure does not reveal whether the increase is a positive measure. A higher cost of sales may not be offset by higher revenues matching or exceeding the increased cost. The next th ing we are going to look at is net income.Pepsi had in 2004 a net income of $4,212 and this yielded a ratio percentage of 15. 1% of total assets and in 2005 their net income was $4,078 yielding a ratio percentage of 13. 2% of their total assets. This is a 1. 9% decrease in their net income between 2004 and 2005 and they also show a decrease in the cost of sales during the same period. Coke on the other hand had a net income of $4,847 in 2004 yielding a ratio percentage of 15. 4% and in2005 their net income was $4,872 yielding a ratio of 16. 6% of their total assets. This shows and an increase of 1. 2% between 2004 and 2005.Although they experienced an increase it is not entirely an offset of their income overall, making this a negative indication for Coca Cola. Now the breakdown of each company’s consolidated balance sheets to compare current assets and current liabilities to their total assets for each year considered. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2004 were $8,639 which yields a ratio percentage of 30. 9% of total assets for that year. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2005 were $10,454 which yields a ratio percentage of 32. 9% of total assets. This shows a 2%increase in current assets.In contrast coca Cola current asset in 2004 were $12,281 yielding a ratio percentage of 39. 1% and in 2005 current asset were $10,250 yielding a ratio percentage of 34. 8%;which show a major decrease in their current assets. Although, there was a significant decrease in their current assets it was accompanied by a decrease in their current liabilities, which would be a positive indication for Coke instead of a negative one. Looking at the horizontal analysis of each company will give us more information. Horizontal analysis is also called â€Å"trend analysis† because of its ability to show financial data compared over a period of time.There are two different formulas that can be employed to teach this information. The first one uses the current yea r amount and subtracts from that the base year amount. The second formula divides the current year amount by the base year amount. The year 2004 is the base year for both companies in this analysis. Pepsi’s total current assets for 2004 were $8,639 and for 2005 were $10,454. In the first Pepsi had an increase of 121. 01% of total current assets; over their 2004 base year figure. The second formula yields a 21. 01% total current assets from the base year. Coke’s total assets in 2004 were$12,281 and $10,250 in 2005.As you can see Coke’s total current assets dropped between 2004 and2005 without performing the formulaic calculations. All the analysis shows that PepsiCo and Coca Cola both experienced lower net profits in 2005than in 2004. They showed an increased operation expenses which resulted in a lower net profit. Both has had a higher operating expense in 2005 than in 2004 and need to modify their operations to reduce their expenses so their profit margins can increase so they will not keep experiencing a decrease in profits. I have analyzed two well-known companies in this paper.These two companies are PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have been around for a long time and have stormed the market. We have seen in my vertical and horizontal analysis that their financial data reveals somewhat a different picture of each company’s financial status. Both companies have experienced a moment were they were not profitable and a moment when they were profitable. During this exercise made me realize that although these companies appear to be profitable the analyses showed that these two companies performance were very different from one another in the years 2004 and 2005

Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China Essay

Luxury goods experienced a slowdown in current value growth for 2012 against 2011, largely attributed by the unstable economic conditions brought about by the 2011 Euro crisis as well as the slowing down of the Chinese economy. While consumers’ sentiments were still relatively strong, spending continued to tilt towards a more cautious end. Depreciation of Euros also saw more consumers heading to Hong Kong for holidays and in turn purchasing luxury goods from there to take advantage of the. Euromonitor International’s Luxury Goods in Hong Kong, China report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the Luxury Goods market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market and their effects on Luxury Goods retailing along with the development of consumers’ shopping patterns. Forecasts to 2017 illustrate how the market is set to change. Buy a Report Copy @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/purchase?rname=88087. Product coverage: Designer Apparel (Ready-to-Wear), Fine Wines/Champagne and Spirits, Luxury Accessories, Luxury Cigars, Luxury Electronic Gadgets, Luxury Jewellery and Timepieces, Luxury Travel Goods, Luxury Writing Instruments and Stationery, Super Premium Beauty and Personal Care.Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data. Why buy this report? – Get a detailed picture of the Luxury Goods market; – Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change; – Understand the competitive environment, the market’s major players and leading brands;

A report for Real Coffee LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

A report for Real Coffee LTD - Essay Example Under such circumstances entrepreneurs face non-negligible challenges in controlling and executing the business functions in a smooth fashion, given the obstacles in the form of staff management, delegation of power and business opportunities identification as well as their subsequent achievements (Welter, 2010). Correspondingly, it has been viewed that Real Coffee Ltd., which is a small chain of coffee shops has been facing challenges to maintain a desired level of employee retention rate. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to provide a detailed analysis of the external and internal analysis of the business. Based on the analysis, the discussion further intends to provide rational suggestions that would help in understanding on how curtained changes in the business can help Real Coffee Ltd. to meet its organizational goal. Part 1: External Analysis Consumer Buying Behaviour UK is observed to be amongst the top ten countries that dealt in coffee around the globe as of 201 1. It is worth mentioning that coffee is also measured to be the third-favourite non-alcoholic drink in the country. Over the year, it has been viewed that in the UK, the chain of coffee shops had grown 5.6% and contributed almost 29.1% market share by 2005. However, it has been viewed that independent and local coffee shops only grew by 2% and faced considerable amount of challenges over the year. Economic disturbance in the UK is also assumed to have affected the customer’s behaviours of drinking coffee. For instance, it was viewed that the coffee market grew by 17% from 2005 to 2009, again out of which, 57% of the total consumers 47% of the customers preferred sitting in coffee shops and 8.3 preferred take away services (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Moreover, it has also been viewed that today’s teenagers and young adults frequently visit cafes, which replicates it to be a growing trend. A thorough understanding of the consumer buying behaviour also revealed th at about 37% of the coffee consumers prefer black coffee in the UK, while the remaining 63% like to add sweetener with it. 57% of the total consumers further stated to prefer having it at breakfast (Liang & Wu, n.d.). Increasing Competitors Globalization and the rapid technological aspect is not only considered to be a boon for every individual and business house, which aims at establishing themselves at the global market, but is also stated to be a course for small business houses with limited resources. Coffee market in the UK is considered to be one of the largest industries. With the increasing adaption of coffee by the people worldwide, whereby many multinational organizations are being established in the nation creating greater competiveness for smaller coffee shops, it has been viewed that although, small shops provide better quality products at lesser price, people prefer going to branded stores like Costa and Starbuck as a symbolisation of economic status in the society (Ho spitality & Catering News, 2013). According to a survey conducted by Euromonitior international (2012), it was viewed th

An Analysis and Discussion of Joint Venture and Cooperation within the Assignment

An Analysis and Discussion of Joint Venture and Cooperation within the High Entry Cost Market of Biotech and Pharmaceuticals - Assignment Example As a means of better understanding joint ventures and the motivations behind them, the following discussion will be concentric upon defining and discussing the ways in which joint ventures within the biotech and pharmaceutical field can be explained as ultimately rational business choices that are determined based upon ability to engage with the market, success ratios, and potential future profitability. As a guiding entity of the process, the legal departments of the requisite entities must be continually engaged and aware of the process. This represents an added cost and necessity that each and every pharmaceutical firm engaged in research and development must necessarily incorporate a team of legal experts and lawyers to guide them through each and every process of clinical trials, reporting requirements, paperwork, and associated compliance issues. Ultimately, economic theory dictates that that price discrimination corresponds to the following three market conditions: the power of market sellers, the segmentation and overall price responsiveness of the market, and the direct and indirect potential that exists for arbitrage. With respect to market power, this is a concept which can simply be understood as a function of the ability of the seller to raise its prices as compared to the other sellers that exist within the market. Obviously, in the case of a brand name drug that has r ecently been cleared by clinical trials and is available to the marketplace, the ability of the seller to raise his/her prices above that of the competition is very high due to the fact that no perfect substitute exists and there is a near perfect monopoly engaged by the given pharmaceutical manufacturer; albeit for a limited amount of time (Gupta et al 2011).

Conditions of enslavement and resistance by the women in barbados Essay

Conditions of enslavement and resistance by the women in barbados - Essay Example More pointedly and often ignored, the enslavement of women and their resistance to their lot presents not only an interesting historical recount, but in its impact on the island’s culture, a crucial aspect of its development and singular identity as a country rich in African tradition and lore—a tradition kept alive by the passive resistance of slave women. Colonialism and the Beginning of Slavery According to Appiah and Gates ( 1999), some time after 800 c.e. , several South American native tribes began migrating to Barbados; most were eventually driven out by the notoriously fierce Caribs, also from South America. The Caribs eventually took over the population of the island. In the first decade of the sixteenth century, Spanish conquistadors conquered the Caribs and began enslaving Barbados’s inhabitants, removing many to work on emerging sugar plantations throughout the Caribbean and on the mainland. Those remaining quickly fell victim to small pox and tubercu losis. (Barbados.org, 2009) By the time the British arrived in the early 1600s, the island was virtually uninhabited and seemed a prime place for the British to take over for their own expanding plantations in the region. In 1627 the first African slaves along with eighty British colonists landed on the island at Holetown Village. Appiah and Gates (1999) provide the following overview: Barbados was a colony founded entirely on slave labor. As early as the seventeenth century black slaves outnumbered whites by nearly four to one, culminating in the creation of legal and political institutions that dominated and subjugated the island's black majority for more than 300 years. The authoritarian style with which the white minority ruled Barbados was admired and emulated by white colonists throughout the Caribbean... By the mid-seventeenth century Barbados was the prototype for European colonialism, and the demise of that system on the island bears vivid testimony to the ability of Africa n slaves to overcome enormous obstacles on the road to freedom. (par. 3) Most of the slaves were provided by Dutch merchants†¦from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon. Many, as was usually the case due to the harsh environment of slave ships themselves, died before reaching their destinations. The harshness of the trips is attested to in eyewitness accounts that describe a scene after a gale. â€Å"By the time the tarp was removed and the portholes opened nearly a third of the people below had perished† (World Sagas.com, no date, par. 16). From the very beginning unrest among the slave population was evident. Laws regulating the slaves were quickly put into place and harshly enforced. By the 1800's, there were laws prohibiting slaves from leaving their plantations without permission and curtailment of cultural traditions of communication, such as the beating drums or any other instruments. Runaway-- men and women-- were treated harshly; law s required the return of runaways and leniency for anyone who killed runaways was institutional. The Lot of Women Slaves When it comes to slavery in general, history and other portrayals of enslaved people tend to focus on the role of men. This male dominated history fails to acknowledge and even devalues the role of women at all levels of slavery. Shepherd, Brereton and Baily (1999) in Women in Caribbean History states that until

Article Reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Reviews - Essay Example d) Follow up questions that probe managers’ moral reasoning by focusing upon key organizational values. Managers often face moral and ethical conflicts in workplace; however, little experimental research has sought to identify with the reasoning analysis managers use to determine these conflicts. A better insight of a manager’s moral analysis could lead to a greater awareness of the influences upon managerial decision making when faced with ethical dilemma like the organization culture and individual values, greater predictability of organizational and managerial principled behavior and the construction of organizational guides and incentives to aid managers towards moral action (Weber, 300). One of major obstacles towards a better perception of managers’ logic lies in the lack of available and suitable methods to assess manager’s decision making process when faced with moral or ethical dilemmas. The result of this study includes a model for developing and reviewing the moral content of corporations. With its help, corporations’ principles can be improved, defined and measured. An annual ethics report can provide the stakeholders with insight into the formal and factual efforts of the organization, the consequences of its actions and the specific hurdles faced by these corporations in implementing their business agenda. Nonetheless, because of the huge tasks which corporations put up with, the internal delegation of responsibilities, the increasing sophistication of business operations, and authority; the vulnerability to unethical conduct increases as a result. Carroll, Archie B. The Pyramid of Corporate Social responsibility: Towards the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons (July-August). 1991). pp 39-48. Several companies have come up with internal policies relating to the moral behavior of workforce since most of these simple and more in depth policies are contained in corporate ethics codes. They are predestined to make out the company's future expectations of employees and to offer direction on executing some of the regular ethical problems that arise in the process of doing business; therefore, it is believed that by putting such a policy in place, it will lead to better ethical consistency in application, avoidance of ethical disasters and awareness. Increasing number of organizations requires staff to attend workshops and seminars regarding business activities that frequently include the company's legal requirements, specific case studies, and policies (Carroll 43). Some companies require their staffs to sign agreements indicating that they will stand by the company's rules of conduct. Some companies believe that corporate ethics codes are primarily entrenched in useful concerns, and are primarily to limit the company's legal burden. The company will keep away from a lawsuit because its workers will follow the rules; nonetheless, should it happen, the company can as sert that the crisis would not have arisen if the staff had followed the corporate codes of ethics accurately. Corporate codes of Ethics are essential not only in business environment but also in all areas of life because it forms an important part of the basis on which cultured society is founded. A society or business that lacks moral principles is bound to fail. Porter, Michael and Mark, Kramer. â€Å"Creation Shared Value: How to Reinvent Capitalism and Unleash a Wave of innovation and Growth†

The Negro Speaks of Rivers by (Langston Hughes) Essay

The Negro Speaks of Rivers by (Langston Hughes) - Essay Example 7) and who "heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans," (l. 8) represents all Black people. Their presence and contributions to the development of civilization is ancient and timeless, like the rivers. I found this poem to be powerful and moving, and it made me feel joyous and uplifted, yet humbled by what it portrayed. I felt that Hughes was rightfully proud of his race, that he understood the importance of his ancestors and that for him, history was a testament to the strength of his people. The opening line "I've known rivers", is so simple, but when repeated and added to in the words that follow, gathers and sends a powerful message. Rivers are the lifeblood of the planet, and he links that idea to humanity with "flow of blood in human veins" (l. 3). By joining body and soul: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers" ( l. 5 and 13), he expressed the truth about all of us. We are all body and soul. But he is stating that the Black soul has withstood much and held fast to wisdom and strength. With the repetition of the words "I've known rivers/Ancient, dusky rivers, (l. 11-12) he brings to life the dark skin of his people and there is pride in the depth of his and their souls at the end of the poem.

Human Resource Management Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Management Analysis - Case Study Example The company needs to work with HR department in implementing changes that will see the company restructure and hence remain relevant in the market. There is need to establish a new communication protocols, enrol the employees to unions and review the penalties given to employees who violate the company policies. PAC Resources Inc. seems to be having major problems as an organization in all its departments. The Human Resource department specifically needs allot to be done in order to bring change to the organization. The HR has not been consistent in its operations with reports of favors and employee manipulation and harassment being reported. The HR has also discouraged its employees from joining any union working with the non-union policy which violates the rights of the employees to join unions and organizations. According to Mikis (2005) as a way of encouraging employees to grow and improve themselves, every company has a mandate to give them a chance to join societies and unions which help in improving their working conditions. The companys disciplinary policy does not have a clear guideline on the consequences and penalties on employees who violate company policies. This has left some of the senior management officers free and immune to any penalties. The use of the open-door policy has its advantages but it is only effective in the departmental level other than the whole organization. PAC Resources Inc encourages all its employees to feel free to enter any office or make contact to the senior level managers without following any protocol. This creates room for disorder within the organization. According to DelPo & Guerin (2013) open door policy can be a challenge to any management as it undermines some of the team leaders and exclusivity of company information. From the email conversations, junior staff has been sending emails trying to get senior

Environmental Analysis of Gold Coast Theme Park Research Paper

Environmental Analysis of Gold Coast Theme Park - Research Paper Example Theme park facilities are services provided to customers. Traditionally, distribution channels are not a requirement of this business as revenue is generated through visitors who come in to catch some entertainment. In the recent era though, different distribution channels are coming up including conjoint branding activities or branding partnerships as is seen in the case of Volvo teaming up with Legoland, a theme park in California for their marketing activities. Likewise, current research journals on tourism industry suggest the following new mediums for distribution: Tourism is the driving factor of the economy of Gold Coast, contributing AUS $ 2.3 billion to the Gold Coast City's Gross Regional Product and providing employment to more than 40,000 people. The industry size can be determined by the fact that Gold Coast hosts as many as 78,000 visitors every day of which 80% are Australian nationals whereas a growing number is coming from New Zealand, UK, Japan, China, UAE & India. According to the official figures "The Gold Coast attracts 4.4 million tourists per year (9.9 million including day trippers) with a daily spend of $10.6 million". The entry barriers are low even if it requires a high level of investment (up to $ 110 million) to develop a theme park but the rates of returns are high. However, the high capital intensive nature of this business also means that the exit barriers are low since the investors do not want to leave their investment in search of more profitable options Phil Bartsch states in his article "Theme Parks enter the Digital Age' published in The Courier Mail, that the average annual revenue growth of 5 percent is forecast over the next several years in Australia's attractions industry. High level of competition and a monopoly like situation whereby Dream world has a leading position and retains it by offering competitive products in a wide income group span( from $ 5-$5000) High number of innovative products being offered by competitors Competitor Analysis Gold Coast boasts of as many as five big theme parks including the following:- Sea World Sea World Animal Adventures Sea World Helicopters Sea World Whale Watch Sea World Resort Wet 'n' Wild Water World Warner Bros Movie World Australian Outback Spectacular Paradise Country The Visitors, (Consumers) As mentioned earlier 80% of the visitors to Gold Coast are Australian nationals. Since the nature of business is strictly B2C (business to consumer), the customer does not have much power. The presence of other options in form of other amusement and theme parks provides more choice and gives the customers the power to choose. At present, there are no customer representative bodies. The Suppliers Apart from the supplier in their day to day operations including on the venue food suppliers, a Gold Coast theme park usually requires specialized vendors to suit the individual needs of their

Team development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Team development - Essay Example The study used previously tested five-scale standards and a regression model based on team size as a control to test the constructs under the four hypotheses Firstly, the team tested the hypothesis that there is an association between relationship conflicts and team satisfaction is moderated by the extent of virtualness in that conflicts decrease team satisfaction as virtualness increases. The second hypothesis was that familiarity increases team satisfaction while virtualness decreases. The third hypothesis was that goal clarity increases team satisfaction as the extent of team virtualness increases. The last hypothesis was that the preference among team members for group work will increase team satisfaction as virtualness increases (Stark & Bierly, 2009). The results were such that all the four predictors (independent variables) were significantly correlated with team satisfaction. Relationship conflict was negatively correlated with team satisfaction while familiarity, goal clarity, and preference for teamwork were all positively correlated with team satisfaction. The study concluded that relationship conflicts negatively affect team satisfaction because member lack the time to resolve their differences. As virtualness increases members tend to prefer working in groups while familiarity and goal clarity also affect team satisfaction. Results from this study may help increase awareness that the levels of virtualness among team may have other cascading effects on team

Pharmacy Service Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy Service Essay At each hour, tech took scripts from that hour’s slot and entered all required data into pharmacy info system (so no one looked at script until 1 hour before pickup) Info logged in: Patient contact info Doctor contact info Third party payor info – insurance companies, employers Drug name Dosage Number of doses Number of refills System performed an automated Drug Utilization Review: Automated check of script against all other prescriptions in CVS database for patient; looking for harmful drug interactions and appropriateness of drug for patient given age, weight, gender, etc. Hard Stop = fulfillment process cannot proceed until DUR reviewed by pharmacist if automated review reveals any potential problems Hard Stop Good for patient safety Hard Stop Bad for slowing down process, lowering efficiency Insurance check was done after DUR. Checking to make sure insurance still valid, script matches drugs on formulary, customer not trying to refill too soon, etc. In most cases, script would still be filled even if there was a problem with insurance customer would simply be told to pay full amount at pickup. Potential Data Entry Problems: Tech couldn’t read handwriting on script, No refills allowed on script (6%), DUR hard stop (20%), Insurance problems (17%) Production Scripts were filled by pharmacy technicians Potential Production Problem: Insufficient inventory – patient wouldn’t find out until pick-up that drug wasn’t available Quality Assurance Pharmacist reviewed each script to make sure it was filled correctly. First priority is customer safety! Potential Quality Assurance Problem : None identified Pickup Bags stored in pickup area in alphabetical order until customer came for pickup. Potential Pickup Problems: Many, including staff couldn’t find script, unauthorized refill, script not covered by insurance – customer asked to pay full price, script not ready (waiting for doctor or insurance call-back or queue backed-up). Worst between 5-7 p. m. – long lines of angry customers – hard to get staff to work that shift. 6. How can IT help with streamlining the process at CVS pharmacies? Get Teams to come up with a solution to problems in fulfillment process keeping 3 goals in mind: 1) Doesn’t degrade safety at all 2) Decreases waiting time 3) Improves customer satisfaction What CVS did to improve fulfillment process: Drop off, data entry, insurance check – all done while customer is present. Data entry completed at drop-off while customer was still there – made it easier to verify customer insurance information. Insurance check is now done with customer present. Used to be they’d just make sure your name, address, and birth date were on prescription and let you go. At local CVS, there is a â€Å"new† drop-off window away from cash register where pick-ups are done. Clerks enter data into computer while you are still there. CVS was missing the opportunity to identify and resolve problems early in the process, when the customer is still present. Under old system, no one would look at script until 1 hour before pick-up – not enough time to resolve any problems. Clerk asks for best number to reach customer in case of a problem, which is a change from the past. Staff can also inform customer about insufficient inventory at drop off instead of customer finding out when they come back for pick-up. Automated â€Å"instock† check. Also, box that held prescriptions was replaced by an online â€Å"virtual queue,† which can be displayed on all workstations in the pharmacy. Virtual queue tells techs and pharmacist what prescriptions to work on filling next. 2) Production – prescription is filled by tech. No change here – techs have always been the ones to fill the prescriptions. 3) DUR and QA – done by pharmacist in single step. DUR process was folded into Quality Assurance step – DUR no longer part of Data Entry. Both DUR and QA are done after prescription is filled. DUR should not be done when customer is present; don’t want customer to get the impression that the drug could be harmful because they might be less likely to take it. Also, DUR is done at pharmacist’s station during QA – more efficient use of pharmacist’s time to check filled prescription for accuracy and deal with any problems revealed during automated DUR. However, pharmacists could argue that it makes no sense, and is in fact dangerous to fill prescription before DUR is completed. PSI team had to â€Å"sell† the new process using communication efforts that were persuasive and effective. Also, changes were mandatory, not optional, so team used both hard sell and soft sell techniques to win pharmacists over. There were a total of 7 elements in the PSI program that all CVS pharmacies had to adopt – they couldn’t pick and choose among the 7. 4) Pickup When there is a problem discovered with a script, an Action Note is filled out so that staff manning Pickup can adequately explain the problem to the customer, based on what the Action Note says. Case highlights IT’s principle capabilities: Design Standardization Monitoring Case also points out concerns that changes in process will be resisted by pharmacists, even though the new process changes no responsibilities or rights of pharmacists. This was a top-down change that was necessary to improve customer service.

Monitoring System For Automatic Plant Irrigator

Monitoring System For Automatic Plant Irrigator Irrigation is of the method to watering the plant and to improve the quality of crops. Automatic irrigation is a modern method that used for watering vegetables, fruits and farm crops. This project paper will describe automatic plant irrigator designed by using microcontroller. The main purpose of this project is to design an automatic watering device by sensing the soil conditions. In addition, the project also aims to design a soil moisture sensor that can be easily integrated with a microcontroller. To achieve this objective, some research and studies has been done in some previous similar project. Based on the review, the methodology that used in this project are divide into two, which is hardware and software parts. Both development are involving design, experimentation, simulation and construction to get an expected result which meets the project objective. Data analysis for this project will proceed after the completion of the hardware and the software procedure. This is for t he purpose to ensure the project can achieve the objective and also to ensure the reliability of the system. C(iii) Detailed proposal of project: Cadangan maklumat projek secara terperinci: (a) Introduction Pengenalan When it comes to agricultural activities, irrigation in one of the vital process. Irrigation system is an essential important element for plant growth. It also one of major effect in any plant cultivation as it may affect on the growth of plant. Irrigation in agriculture term is defined as an artificial application of watering of the arable land or soil. Water is most important to our life and we cannot survive without it. Water also is essential ingredient of plant. Most of gardener usually uses manual technique to watering their plant. This technique system is inefficient. Sometime, the possibility to over watering is high when use this technique. In order to overcome this problem, Automatic plant irrigator is used. Automatic plant irrigator or better known as an automatic plant watering system is a system that is introduced not only provide a programmable watering system but also a continuous monitoring system. The main goal of this project is to design an automatic plant irrigator where the system is equipped with a reliable soil water level or moisture sensor. This system is applicable for small or medium agricultural-industry. This system will be divided into three main units which are sensing element, control element and final control element. Sensor such as soil moisture detector are use to control the watering system (b) Problem statement Pernyataan Masalah Nowadays, automatic plant irrigator system is commonly applied in agriculture such as domestic gardening. In this industry, automatic plant irrigator system usually used to supply water to maintain soil moisture so plants can grow well. Unfortunately, there are still gardeners or farmers who maintained use manually watering technique because not all of them afford to buy the system. Over-watering possibility would occur if this manual process is still practiced. It will caused the plants drown if supply too much water for them. Sometime this manual technique also make the process water late reaches or does not reach the roots of plants and this will cause the plant get dried. Lack of water can be harmful to the plant or even can render it withered. The effect of this lack of water can also slow down the process of plant growth and will also affect the light weight of the plants. In the conventional system, farmers also need monitor the irrigation timetable, as each plant has a different time in terms of watering time. An automatic plant irrigation monitoring system is the good solution to overcome this problem. This irrigation system is not only provides a good hydration system for plant but also provides the controller that allows the user to set their irrigation system operation. Users also can set the level of moisture that is allowed according to the specification in the soil so their crops will always have a maintained moisture level. (c) Objective (s) of the Project Objektif Projek To compare the sensitivity of two type of sensor probe that was made of stainless steel and copper To design reliable soil moisture sensor To design automatic plant irrigator monitoring system (c) Project Scope Skop Projek This project will be focus to design low cost automatic plant irrigation. The project involves the evolution of manually watering techniques to automatic watering techniques. The controlling of the automatic watering system in an agricultural. To complete this project in such systematic and organized manners, some scope and limitation should be set accordingly. Sensor used to control the watering system is soil moisture sensor. There are several software will be used, the software is livewire that been used to simulated the circuit. The second software that will be used in this project Visual Basic 6 that been used to implement the graphical user interface for PIC as the system controller. The communication between Visual Basic and automatic plant irrigator system will be determined by using an address to give or receive digital or analog signal. (e) Literature Review Keterangan latar belakang projek kajian literature Soil moisture sensor Sensor is a device which used to measure a physical quantity and convert this information into a signal that can be read by the observer or a tool. [1] The Sensor converts one form of energy into another form because the sensor is a transducer. For this reason, the sensor is categorized according to the type of energy transfer that they detected. Soil moisture measurement provides very useful information to agriculture, such as agriculture farm, soil stability, soil moisture and construction activities. [2] The probe selection for sensor is very important. This is because the material that used in the probe. Sensor sensitivity is depending on the material that used to construct the probe and also depends on how the sensor operates. Typically, soil moisture sensor is based on the resistance value of the soil. Water is a type of electric conductance. So generally, if the resistance is low, the soil is dry and vice versa. [3]. Gypsum block is a product of the low cost soil moisture monitoring. Their low cost and ease of interpretation make this block is particularly suitable for seasonal crops. There are two electrodes embedded in the gypsum block. When gypsum wet, it will conduct electric easily and when gypsum dry, it is a poor conductor. A pair of electrode within the block will measure the change in the resistance. It is possible directly using a pair of electrode measure the resistivity in the soil but the measurement will influence by changes in soil conductivity brought about by salt and other ingredients. The ion gypsum provided a buffer against the effects of salt and nutrients. It is very effective for prevention of salt ions from reaching the electrode and to ensure the sensor is only responding to moisture level. [4] PIC Microcontroller is a computer on- a- chip. It is a type of intelligence processor that can be programmed for collecting data from input. Microcontroller frequently uses in automatically control devices such as remote control system, toys and hardware. [5] PIC is used as the main brain system in a moisture monitoring system. Technically, PIC is used to converts analog signals to digital signal that can be read by computer that provided the view of monitoring system. In the measurement of soil moisture, the soil moisture sensor potential to measure the difference (voltage) across the probe and transmit the measure to the PIC. PIC will convert the reading into the soil moisture level. This is achieved by setting the conversion unit into the PIC programmed.[6] Irrigation System The main purpose of Automatic irrigation management system is proposed to offer the following benefits: first, it is able to provide the amount of water needed by plants in the field. Second, it can eliminate the time and scheduling system for watering plants. Third, it also managed to contain the pressures caused by over-watering plants. In conclusion, this system is to promote the save and production water. [7] With the increasing needs for agriculture, human start to realize that agriculture activity are needs plentiful source of water just like how they need water to survive. As time goes by, the increase in population and the area of settlement grows wider. So, human has created a device that allows them to get water even they are far from the water source. The earliest system known as aqueducts. [8] Soil Moisture Monitoring Software The software is designed to monitor system operation. This is to record the measurement of soil moisture so that can be used as a reference for plant watering strategies to produce better yields. The data recording is very important since different patterns in the irrigation schedule do affect the crops growth. [9] The concept of monitoring system is also beneficial to operators to help them monitor for any abnormalities in the system during operation. The software also provides a graphical display system operation. The display helps the operator to determine the level of soil moisture and watering system conditions during operation. This will ensure the system is healthy and operate normally. [10] Soil water percentage experiment Before starting the experiment, the method of calculation needs to be determined first. For this project, the water percentage will be calculated by referring to the mass of dry soil. This method will apply three general equations which are normally used to determine the water percentage using the oven dry method. (d) Methodology Kaedah projek For sensing unit, the design stage is started with the soil moisture sensor circuit design. In this project, the voltage divider circuit is used. After the soil moisture circuit has been confirmed, the next step is determining the material that is used as a sensor probe. Here are two types of probes were used which is stainless steel and copper. Experiment and analysis will be conducted on both of the probe. Result from both of the probe will be taken and compared to determine which probe more suitable as a sensor probe. The selection of reliability sensor is depend on the high electric conductivity and also has a high corrosion resistance. The sensor probe is build of two rods which are separated for 2 cm. The two rods are separated so that when the probe is inserted into the soil there will be a potential difference across them. These potential difference is varies with the soil resistivity. The microcontroller used in this project is the Duemilanove Arduino. The Arduino is equipped with the Atmega328 PIC with a built in USB interface which provides an easy serial connection between the controller and computer to provide the GUI display. The Arduino is programmed to obtain the voltage reading from the sensing unit and display it. Action unit in the project is automatic plant irrigator system. This unit consists of two small units which is water pumps and dripping system. Water pumps supplying 240V power supply and its operation is controlled by a relay. That is triggered by the arduino. (g) References Application of sensor manual, Principles and Basic, 1999 R.Frank, Research on the soil moisture sensor, 2000 C.C. Shock, R. Flock, E. Feibert, C.A. Shock, A. Pereira, L. Jensen, Irrigation Monitoring with Soil Water Tension. Oregan State University, 2005 Model KS-D1 owners manual, DELMHORST INSTRUMENT CO. Application of Microcontroller manual, Principle and the BASIC Stamp, 1999 . Juang, J.-N.; Ekong, D.U.; Carlson, C.; Longsdorf, W.; Miller, M.; , A Computer-Based Soil Moisture Monitoring and Hydrating System, System Theory, 2007. SSST 07. Thirty-Ninth Southeastern Symposium on , vol., no., pp.142-144, 4-6 March 2007 Julie S.Chang. Western Washington University. 10-22-2006 C. Brouwer, K. Prins, M. Kay, M. Heibloem. Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods, Rome, Italy: Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1988 C. O. Akinbile, M. S. Yusff, Growth, Yield and Water use Pattern of Chilli Pepper under Different Irrigation Scheduling and Management, Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(2), pp 154 163, 2011. Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Guan, W. Yin, Study on precision water-saving irrigation automatic control system by plant physiology, Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2009. ICIEA 2009. 4th IEEE Conference on , vol., no., pp.1296-1300, 25-27 May 2009 D ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL / KEMUDAHAN SEDIA ADA UNTUK KEGUNAAN BAGI PROJEK INI Equipment Peralatan Location Tempat E BUDGET /BELANJAWAN Please indicate your estimated budget for this project Sila nyatakan anggaran bajet bagi cadangan projek ini Budget details Butiran belanjawan Amount requested by applicant Jumlah yang dipohon oleh pemohon Comment by panel FYP 1 PSM 1 (RM) FYP 2 PSM 2 (RM) E (i) Project Materials Supplies Bekalan dan Bahan Projek Copper rods (Rm5.00) PCB BOARD (RM2.00) E (ii) Maintenance and Minor Repair Services Baik pulih kecil dan ubahsuai E (iii) Professional Services Perkhidmatan Ikhtisas E (vi) Accessories and Equipment Aksesori dan Peralatan TOTAL AMOUNT JUMLAH BESAR RM7.00 F Declaration by candidate / Akuan Calon (Please tick ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ )): / (Sila tanda ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ )): I hereby confess that: Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa: All information stated here are accurate, Supervisor and panel has right to reject or to cancel this proposal without prior notice if there is any inaccurate information given. Semua maklumat yang diisi adalah benar, Penyelia dan panel berhak menolak permohonan atau membatalkan tawaran cadangan ini pada bila-bila masa sekiranya keterangan yang dikemukakan adalah tidak benar. Application of this Project Proposal is presented for a FYP 1 seminar. Permohonan cadangan projek projek ini dikemukakan untuk Seminar PSM 1. Date : Candidates Signature : Tarikh : Tandatangan Calon : ___________________________ G Recommended by FYP Supervisor Perakuan Penyelia PSM Please tick ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ ) Sila tandakan ( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ ) Recommended: Diperakukan: A. Highly Recommended Sangat Disokong B. Recommended Disokong C. Not Recommended (Please specify reason) Tidak Disokong (Sila Nyatakan Sebab) Comments: Ulasan: Name: Signature: Nama: Tandatangan: Date: Tarikh: Appendix A: Flow Chart of Project Activities Start Proposing a project title: Development of monitoring system for Automatic Plant Irrigator Literature Review Soil Moisture Sensor PIC 3. Irrigation System Design the system System block diagram Soil Moisture Sensor Circuit 3. Programming PIC System Construction Run simulation for sensor circuit using LiveWire Pro System hardware and software construction System testing and analysis Final report writing and submission End Appendix B: Project Schedule of Project Activities (Gantt chart) Project Planning List major activities involved in the proposed project. Indicate duration of each activity to the related month(s). 2012 2013 Project Activities Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mac. Apr. May June Finding out the project title and proposal submission Search for relevance information with the project Designing and testing of the sensing unit Designing and testing of the action unit Integrating the sensing and the action unit Run testing and analysis Final report writing Appendix C: TURNITIN Report must be attached

Nature and process of communication

Nature and process of communication Explain the Nature and Process of Communication 1.1 COMMUNICATION IS INTEGRAL TO HUMAN LIFE. Communication is deeply intertwined with the human existence. It is an integral part of it. One cannot think of human life without communication. Can you imagine what would happen if you are not allowed to talk for a long time? You would feel suffocated. In personal life, we need to communicate to deal with various concerns and problems of daily life. In professional life also, it is communication that helps us to build healthy relations and credibility with co-workers. Only speaking/talking is not communication. Communication can take place in many forms. Sometimes, we communicate by talking about our ideas, thoughts or emotions; at other times, we may wish to communicate through the written word or even non-verbally. Whatever form we choose, getting the message across is what communication is all about. Communication is a process that is dynamic, continuous, and irreversible but at the same time, it is reciprocal in nature. It is an ongoing process. Roughly, we can define communication as a shared meaning between two or more individuals. The shared meaning arises out of the individuals experiences, background, education and training. Similarity in experiences, background, training, etc. makes communication successful between individuals. Communication helps us to understand others. The inability to communicate can lead to a lot of problems both personally and professionally. Imagine a day without communicating! We can instantly feel the void it would create. Can we ever forget that it is our ability to communicate verbally that distinguishes us from animals? Communication helps form a powerful bond among people and makes us social beings. Besides, knowledge is not the sole requirement for the achievement of success. A person may possess good knowledge, but his/her performance will be evaluated largely on the basis of his/her ability to communicate. Therefore, if you are a good communicator, you have better chances of success in life and in business. 1.2 COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS Communication has become indispensable today. Human activity will come to a standstill if there is no communication. All human transactions become possible only through communication. It is the life-blood of every business organization. Especially in todays globalized market economy, effective communication is vital to the success and survival of any organization. Businesses need people with good communication skills because communication is an essential part of the kind of work that is done in business organizations. It extends across all areas of business, including managerial, technical, clerical and social positions. In present times, several factors have contributed to the significance of communication. They are- faster means of communication because of scientific and technological advancements shrinking geographical boundaries because of the availability of faster means of transport growth of the multinational companies that has resulted in the creation of a globalized market economy generation of highly advanced management techniques as a result of the growing importance of professionalism in the management of business the information revolution that has brought with it highly sophisticated networking technologies multiplication of systems of communication at all levels of organization because of specialized knowledge that has lead to departmentalization advancements in the field of social sciences such as in psychology and in sociology that have created an awareness about the human mind and behaviour and how they influence communication Communication undertaken by a business organization with the purpose of achieving certain specific goals is known as business communication. In fact, business communication is a special type of communication undertaken to meet the needs of the organization. Powerful concepts in modern management like participation, motivation, involvement revolve around communication. According to R. Ludlow, Business communication is a process of transfer of information and understanding between different parts and people of a business organization. It consists of various modes and media involved in communication interchanges. Effective communication is needed for growth and development of any organization. H.G. Hicks has rightly pointed out- Communication is basic to an organizations existence from birth of the organization; when communication stops, organized activity ceases to exist. Improving communication skills improves the chances for success of a business. Effective communication brings progress and prosperity to it. Moreover, in this age of specialization, planning, production, sales, advertising, finance, welfare, etc. are handled by different departments. In absence of effective communication, there would be a serious problem of co-ordination among these departments and there would only be chaos and confusion in the organization. Communication is also quite significant keeping in mind the growing importance of human relations and human resource management in todays world. Communication helps a manager in developing meaningful relationships with the subordinates, changing their attitudes, boosting their morale and soliciting their cooperation. Communication links people together to achieve common goals. It is also required to maintain good public relations. Thus, executives are often expected to give speeches and interviews to the media in order to project a favourable image of the organization. Effective communication is required to handle various crises and conflicts of interests in an organization. It is also needed in order to impart adequate training to the employees in handling latest technology. Subordinates often resent the introduction of changes in the methods of working. This poses a challenge to the management to educate the employees so that they can smoothly adapt to the dynamic character of the organization. They also have to work at alleviating the fear that these changes are likely to generate unemployment. Thus, effective communication can help in changing the negative attitude of the employees towards technological advancement. It facilitates meetings which play an important role in the functioning of an organization. Effective business communication depends not only on the skills of the sender of the message but also on the skills of the one who receives that message. Thus, one may say that communication is not an end in itself; rather, it is a means to achieve an end. (For more details, refer 1.6 Objectives of Communication) 1.3 PRE-REQUISITES OF COMMUNICATION Now the question is- What is communication and how it can be accomplished? What do we require to carry out communication? Hence, prior to looking at the meaning of communication, it would be helpful to know how we prepare for it. For instance, you want to write a letter. What all do you need for it? A piece of paper. A pen. A desk for support. Is there anything else that you require besides these things? Certainly you do. You need to dwell on three important things- 1. Purpose 2. Content 3. Skills These three precede all speaking or writing. WHAT TO COMMUNICATE- CONTENT Information Observation/ Receive by Select/Reject Think and Understanding Attention listening or as per your evaluate results into by reading interest, need the information knowledge or expectation This is how information is processed in to being knowledge. Knowledge generates in you the confidence to communicate. If you are well prepared with the content, then half the work is done. It is the urge to express something that begins communication. It can be an idea, an emotion, an opinion or some information. Without this basic idea/need, there can be no communication. However, we do not communicate whatever comes to our mind immediately. There is a need to plan- what to communicate, how to communicate and whom to communicate it to. We do not communicate without a purpose; therefore, it is essential to answer these questions before actually communicating. This helps us to communicate effectively and to get a desirable response from the person with whom we are exchanging our ideas. WHY TO COMMUNICATE- PURPOSE Speakers/ will hear/see Purpose of Writers Listener/ Communication Expectation Reader will listen/read will understand will act/respond THE PURPOSE IS FULFILLED Purpose is the primary pre-requisite of all meaningful communication. The sender initiates communication with some purpose i.e. expectation. S/he expects the receiver to hear/see his message, to listen/read it attentively, to understand it and to act/respond to it. When the receiver gives feedback or performs the expected action, then communication is said to be successful. However, the response would depend on various factors like concentration, physical surroundings and psychological makeup of the receiver. The next question is- how do we communicate? Communication does not just mean speaking or writing. We are communicating even when we smile or shrug our shoulders. However, when we decide to communicate, we need some medium through which to transfer that idea to the other person. HOW TO COMMUNICATE- SKILLS You may possess good knowledge and may be ready to convey it but if you do not know how to do it, it would not be effective. Poor speaking or writing skills is a real hurdle in communication. Speaking Skills Read aloud: Take a small piece of writing from a newspaper, magazine or a book and read it out loud. This will help you to know how you speak- your voice tone, pitch, etc. Observe: Observe how people speak- their pronunciation, accent, intonation, stress, style, rhythm, etc. Try to emulate the speaking style of good speakers. This will help you to improve your own style of speaking. (For a detailed note on speaking skills, writing skills and non-verbal communication, refer Chapter 2 Types of Communication.) Just the idea/information that the communicator has, the media of transmission available and the presence of the receiver are not enough for communication to take place. We need a proper context and an atmosphere where there are no hindrances in the communication process. Does communication end after the idea is communicated? As stated earlier, we communicate with a purpose. Expression of the idea/information is half the work done. But communication is considered complete only when there is some response from the receiver. Only then we can say that the purpose of communication is fulfilled. Communication involves three basic activities on the part of both the participants i.e. the sender and the receiver. On the senders part, they are- Thinking to develop the content to form a message Speaking/Writing to convey the message to the other person Feeling to make the message persuasive On the receivers part, the activities include- Listening/Reading to absorb the idea/information contained in the message Interpreting to understand the meaning of the message Responding to convey the acceptance or the disagreement with the message Communication has always been an important part of human life. Language and the ability to express ourselves using that language come to us spontaneously. And the need to communicate is so inherent in human nature that we hardly realize that effective communication skills can be acquired and honed. There are four basic communication skills- speaking, writing, listening and reading. They always work in the following adjacency pairs- Speaking/writing is handled by the sender of the message and listening/reading by the receiver of the message. Mastering these four skills is very essential if one wants to become an effective communicator. As children, we learn to speak by listening first. Thus, listening is the first skill that we acquire as we develop the language instinct. Then follows the reading skills once we start schooling and lastly we learn the writing skills as a part of our formal education. Thus, learning language/s and the related communication skills follow a systematic process. It does not happen accidentally and instantaneously. Despite of this, people often turn out to be poor communicators as most of us tend to take its importance for granted. Most of the time, we fail to achieve our objective while we communicate. This happens because of our failure to convey our ideas in a precise and clearly understandable manner. There may be a lack either in the content of the message or in the way in which it is conveyed to the intended audience, or both. The point is we do not normally focus much on what to communicate, when to communicate and how to communicate. Also, we need to consider another equally important aspect why to communicate i.e. the purpose. Thus, it is very important for us to recognize and study the essential elements involved in the process of communication in order to become effective communicators. Every aspect of life, whether personal, social or professional, involves communication. The basic meaning of the word communication is- an exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behaviour. The meaning of the word has not undergone much change. However, the ways and means of communication have changed greatly as a result of technological and other socio-cultural developments in recent times. Thus, these advancements have added numerous new dimensions to the communication process, which has become more complex over a period of time. It, thus, calls for a detailed study of the various components that are involved in it in order to be able to communicate effectively. 1.4 DEFINING COMMUNICATION In order to understand the term communication, it would be useful to have a look at some definitions given by the experts. The word communication is derived from the Latin word communis which means to transmit, to impart, to exchange, to share, or to convey. Communication means the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. (Oxford English Dictionary) Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. (Business Dictionary) According to Newman and Summer, Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. Keith Davis states Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. F.G. Meyer defines communication as the intercourse by words, letters or messages, the intercourse of thoughts or opinions. It is the act of making ones ideas and opinions known to others. In the words of Theo Haimann, Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others. According to C.G. Brown, Communication has been defined as the transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence or becomes an exchange or interchange. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver. William Scott defines communication as a process which involves the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions which will accomplish organizational goals. Louis A. Allen says, Communication is the sum of all the things which a person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding. According to McFarland, Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. More specifically, it is a process by which meanings are perceived and understanding is reached among human beings. These definitions explain communication as a process of passing information and understanding (Keith Davis) a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding (Business Dictionary) the act of making ones ideas and opinions known to others (F.G. Meyer) the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others (Theo Haimann) the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions (William Scott) a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding (Louis A. Allen) a process by which meanings are perceived and understanding is reached among human beings (McFarland) Thus, these definitions adequately highlight and express in concise form the important features of the process of communication. In short, we can define communication as a process in which two or more elements of a system interact in order to achieve a desired outcome or goal. (Larry L. Barker and Deborah A. Gaut, Communication; 2001) 1.5 FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION On the basis of the above discussion, let us now discuss certain important features of the process of communication. 1. It is an exchange of ideas. Communication is the process through which an exchange of information takes place. It is the sharing of information, ideas, concepts and messages. 2. Two parties are involved in it. In communication, the exchange of information takes place between two or more persons. This implies that there are minimum two people involved in the communication process at any given time. The one who initiates the exchange is the sender of the message (speaker/writer) and the one who receives and interprets it is the receiver of the message (listener/reader). 3. It is a two-way process. Communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas or information. One person alone cannot carry out communication. When you communicate, there has to be a receiver or an audience that would reciprocate. Then only your communication can be complete. Thus, communication is a process of transmitting and receiving verbal and non-verbal messages. It is considered effective only when it achieves the desired reaction or response from the receiver. The response may be positive or negative. In case of absence of any response, communication is incomplete. Thus, communication is effective only when a concise and clear message is delivered well, received successfully, understood fully, and responded to promptly. 1.6 OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION There is no human action that is done without any purpose. Even the simplest and most natural action like breathing has a purpose- to stay alive. Communication is also always carried out with some purpose. (Refer 1.3 Pre-requisites of Communication) Communication begins with two-fold objectives or purposes that occupy the senders mind: Immediate or Primary to convey or to share Objectives information of Communication Ultimate or Secondary to convince or to persuade people To inform and to persuade are the two basic purposes (goals) that are ever present in the mind of a communicator. Sometimes, he seeks only to inform, as in scientific writings; sometimes, his goal is to persuade the reader, as in journalistic writings; and oftentimes, he wants both to inform and to persuade the reader, as in sales letters, advertisements, etc. Communication is vital to business. The communication activities of an organization fall into three broad categories: 1. Intra-organisational Communication FORMAL Business 2. Inter-organisational Communication Communication 3. Personal INFORMAL Communication 1. Intra-Organisational Communication It is communication within an organization. It is done to implement business plans. It takes many forms like orders, instructions, reports, emails, etc. 2. Inter-Organisational Communication It is communication that a business organization does with people outside the organization i.e. with other companies, customers, clients, general public, etc. It takes the form of planned publicity to improve its image and public relations with the help of business messages, advertising, displays, etc. The success of a business depends on its ability to fulfill the customers needs. Besides providing services, it must communicate effectively with outside people and groups for its success. 3. Personal Communication It is communication without a specific business objective i.e. without an ulterior motive or purpose. Man is a social animal, therefore we have a compulsive need to communicate even when we have nothing substantial to convey. Such communication also occurs in the workplace. For example, personal conversations, gossip, Grapevine phenomenon, etc. If one is not allowed to engage in such casual communication, it may lead to frustration and other such psychological problems. (For a more detailed discussion on corporate communication, refer Chapter 7 Formal and Informal Networks of Communication.) The primary objective of communication is to convey or share information. Business organizations have to deal with a large and varied amount of information on a daily basis in order to conduct various business activities. Thus, proper flow of information helps them to make right decisions. Another equally important objective of communication is to persuade people to accept a point of view or to change their attitude and accept a new or modified attitude. Persuasion is achieved through logical arguments or an emotional appeal to accept the change. Advertisements are an apt example of the persuasive nature of communication. Essentially, all communication is a deliberate and intentional act of persuasion. A communicator wants the reader not only to understand the message but also to be influenced as intended by him. (For a detailed discussion, refer 10.6 Persuasive Communication, Chapter 10 Nature of Attitude and its Influence on Communication) Communication helps to convey information from experts to trainees in an organization for the purpose of educating or training them to handle new technology or to adapt to the changes in the work environment. Communication is an effective tool in the hands of the managers to motivate and to boost the morale of the employees. This enables the organization to achieve higher productivity. Through advice and counseling, the management can help the employees in dealing with their emotional problems as well as problems pertaining to maladjustment and also to give career guidance. By means of letters of appreciation, special mention in reports, minutes of meetings, etc., the management can appreciate the work of the employees. In case of strikes, lockouts, and dismissal of individual employees or disciplinary action against them, the management uses communication channels to issue warnings. Communication also helps in co-ordination of intra-organisational activities, inter-organisational transactions, business transactions, and commercial transactions by means of conferences, meetings, advertisements, requests, suggestions, reviews, and discussions. Without communication, coordinating the activities of different persons engaged in running a business is a remote possibility. The management and the subordinates come closer through communication. Communication promotes cooperation and good industrial relations as it conveys feelings, ideas, opinions, and viewpoints of one party to the other party. The policies and programs formulated by the organization to guide the workforce have to be conveyed to those who are responsible for the execution of work to achieve the organizational objectives. Only effective communication can translate the plans into actions. It aids teamwork by enabling people to work together. It helps perform basic management functions like instructing, coordinating, staffing, planning, etc. Thus, these are the few important objectives of communication in the context of business organizations. So far, we have discussed what comprises communication and the significance of communication in our personal, social as well professional life. We have also highlighted some of the fundamentals of communication. Let us now analyse the process of communication and see how it is accomplished. 1.7 PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Process is a series of things done to achieve something. Communication also follows a process. Communication begins when the sender/encoder identifies the need to communicate some idea/concept/information. He then encodes/formulates it into a message using a medium which can be understood by the receiver/decoder of the message who in turn processes it in his mind and responds to it. When the decoder understands the message completely, fidelity of communication is said to be 100% and the communication process is said to be complete. (Refer David Berlos Model of Communication) Thus, communication is a two-way process. Fidelity of Communication Idea Idea Concept Encoder Medium Decoder Concept Message Message Information Information Fidelity of Communication David Berlos Model of Communication If necessary, the receiver may send a reply or may respond or react to the message. This response or reaction is also known as feedback. But sometimes, there may be no response at all from the receiver even if it is required. Absence of feedback can be attributed to either of the following reasons- a) the message does not reach the receiver or b) the receiver fails to understand the message. Such situations may arise due to the presence of some factor/s that can- a) obstruct the message from being transmitted or b) distort the meaning of the message. The factors that hamper the flow of communication are known as barriers to communication. (Refer Chapter 4 Resolving Barriers to Communication) Communication occurs in five phases and it consists of the following eight components which are inter-related: Idea Sender/Encoder (Speaker/Writer) Encoding Message Channel and Medium Receiver/Decoder (Reader/Listener) Decoding Feedback Let us now discuss in detail the various stages and elements involved in the communication process. PHASE I- IDEATING: 1) Idea Every message whether oral or written has its origin in an idea that germinates in the mind of the sender of the message. Every idea refers to some context. Context is a common frame of reference within which the sender and the receiver communicate with each other. Thus, the idea or information that the sender wants to convey to the receiver is the source of the message in the communication process. 2) Sender/Encoder The person who initiates the communication process is referred to as the encoder. The process of communication begins with the sender who identifies the need to communicate. He may want to inform or to persuade or to influence or to make the receiver take a particular course of action. The sender must have a clear picture in his mind about what he wants to communicate and should accordingly select symbols, words, images, etc. that would best convey his ideas to the receiver. He must identify his audience and formulate the message in such a way that the receiver understands fully what he intends to convey and interprets it within the same context. PHASE II- ENCODING: 3) Encoding Encoding takes place when the sender formulates his idea into a message to be transmitted to the receiver, using a series of symbols- verbal and/or non-verbal, written or oral. The sender should encode his message keeping in mind the purpose of communication and he should select words or symbols so as to make the receiver understand the communication correctly and to achieve the expected feedback. The sender as well as the receiver should attach the same meaning to the symbols or words, otherwise communication would fail. Thus, proper encoding is essential for successful communication. 4) Message That which is encoded, i.e. the idea/concept/information, is the message. Message is an idea transformed into words. It can be expressed in different ways depending on the subject-matter, purpose, audience, personal style and cultural background of the sender. It can be transmitted effectively only when it is well-formulated, clear, and complete in itself. PHASE III- TRANSMITTING: 5) Channel and Medium An appropriate medium chosen to send the message is known as channel. It is the vehicle which facilitates the sender to convey the message to the receiver. Channel is the system used to transmit a message, whereas medium is one of the forms or types used under that system. For example, oral communication is a channel and telephone conversation (a form of oral communication) is a medium. There are three broad channels of communication and there are several media under each- Channel Medium 1. Oral face-to-face conversation, telephone conversation, audio-tapes, voice mail, etc. 2. Written letters, memos, reports, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, minutes, email, fax, etc. 3. Audio-visual cinema, television, video-tapes, video conferences, video chat, etc. Thus, there is a difference between medium and channel. The sender should decide the best possible channel and medium to transmit the message. The selection of an appropriate channel/medium would be influenced by the following factors- a) the nature of the message, b) the urgency of the message, c) the number of receivers, d) the cost factor, and e) the relationship between the sender and the receiver. PHASE IV- RECEIVING: 6) Receiver/Decoder The person who receives the encoded message is referred to as the decoder. He is the intended audience of the message. The receiver may be an individual or a group of individuals. As communication is a two-w

The Manitoba Land Question, 1870-1882 Essay examples -- Article Analys

In the article titled â€Å"The Manitoba Land Question, 1870-1882† Sprague argues that the federal government was largely responsible for failing to properly address Metis Land claims. Sprague believes the Canadian government purposefully mismanaged and controlled Metis land organization to further its agenda. He also argues that the Canadian government did not hold up its constitutional obligation as per the Manitoba Act. Lastly Sprague suggests that newly introduced laws opened doors for settlers and made it difficult for the Metis to remain cohesive. As a result Sprague suggests that these factors lead to the loss of Metis land and therefore ultimately contributed to their subsequent exodus from Manitoba. To begin Sprague argues that the Canadian Government disingenuously mismanaged Metis land organization. Sprague states that evidence of this can be seen in the Canadian government not allowing the Lieutenant Governor Adams G. Archibald to make changes to Section 31 and 32 of the Manitoba Act. Archibald proposed the government grant outlined in Section 31 should allocate each person of Aboriginal ancestry an allotment of â€Å"140 acres† (pg.75) of land. Archibald also suggested that the location of these allotments be in close proximity so as to â€Å"not disperse families throughout the province† (Pg. 75). Lastly Archibald proposed a suggestion in carrying out Section 32 which insured that land owned was not jeopardized during the process of confederacy. He recommended that Manitoba be recognized as an independent province such that affairs including land ownership would be dealt with on a provincial level. Therefore as Sprague argues Archibald’s words were not taken into consideration by both the governments of John A. Macdonald and Alexa... ... In conclusion, Sprague believes that a number of factors carried out by the Canadian government ultimately led to the exodus of the Metis from Manitoba. Firstly through the manipulation of Metis land organization, secondly through broken promises made by the Canadian Government, and lastly through newly introduced laws which dispersed the Metis. In class we are currently studying the arrival of Selkirk settlers into Manitoba; this article was interesting as it put topics discussed in class in much more perspective. This article would be best suited towards those in the area of law, history or government as it contains historical evidence. Through this article Sprague has done an excellent job of outlining the historical events that took place during the 1870-1882 periods more articles surrounding this topic should be written to uncover further injustices.

Frank Lyman Baum :: essays research papers fc

Frank Lyman Baum   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank Lyman Baum was born on May 15th, 1856, and is best known for his superior book, The Wizard of Oz. His book was so popular, that they even made a movie in 1939 starring Judy Garland, based on the book. It became the first color film ever. Besides The Wizard of Oz, he wrote many other children’s stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a young man, Baum lived in New York where he authored, produced, and acted in a play, The Maid of Arran, and he toured it from Canada to Kansas. Later on, he decided to give up his theatrical courier. He soon after moved to South Dakota, with his newly wed wife, and worked as a reporter for the Saturday Pioneer newspaper. After he got tired of that, he became a traveling salesman, and following that, he became editor, and worked with special effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on in life, Baums mother in law became very active in the women’s suffragist reform, and Baum was very interested in that, so he decided to help as well. He learned about theosophy from his mother in law, along with many other useful things. Baums mother in law was very active in the Women’s Right Movement, and many other social causes throughout her life. She worked with people like Elizebeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. Frank supported his mother in law in basically every way possible. During the time of women’s rights, to help out, he published a newspaper, which helped persuade people to fight for women’s rights; he helped the society change their views in many ways.

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, tells one woman’s story of her attempt to awaken to her true wants and desires for her life. When Edna Pontellier spends the summer on Grand Isle, she begins to think beyond the role of wife and mother that she has played so far. She begins to think of herself as a separate person with independent thoughts and feelings. Her transformation is difficult and she has great trouble deciding what she really wants in life. Edna attempts to discard all of the traditional values of her life to find her independence. Confused by the new feelings these experiences bring, Edna’s awakening is a failure because she does not have the necessary skills to become independent. Despite her attempts to change and embrace a new life, Edna is defeated because of her weaknesses that are symbolized in her art, the water, and her relationships with men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first ways that Edna begins to find her inner self is through her painting. She definitely shows some talent as an artist and throws herself into this new self expression. She spends time painting rather than spending time with her husband, children and acquaintances from the past. Even as her artistic talents develop, art becomes a symbol of failure for Edna. Edna does learn to express herself and assert her self through her art. Even though Edna learns to live through her paintings, Madame Reize sees becoming an artist as a test. She believes that becoming an artist is a test of...

Language & Human Communication

Of all human skills, language is one of the most valuable because it allows us to communicate with one another. Human communication is important to society, enabling business and interpersonal relationships, as well as teaching and learning. Language is also important because it allows people to create new words for a changing society, like â€Å"Internet,† according to Palomar College. About Language 1. Languages are, essentially, systems of symbols that have meaning. Language is a means of human communication, whether it be expressed verbally, it writing or through sign language. All languages have a system of rules and meanings and can express an infinite number of ideas or meanings within that system. Human Language Development 2. Language is a part of human development, beginning its development in early childhood. Human language begins with what is called â€Å"babbling,† when infants make repetitive sounds like â€Å"mah mah† and â€Å"dah dah† that mark the beginning of speech development. Language is an important part of intellectual development and the development of communication skills. Communication, in turn, is vital to human language development. According to Palomar College, studies show that parents can help infants develop language skills by communicating with them often using and encouraging appropriate language rules. As the child's language skills continue to develop, he may begin to use language, albeit incorrectly. Gently correcting the child's speech can help her improve. If a child says, â€Å"I seen it,† for instance, correct by saying something like, â€Å"Yes, that's good, you saw it. I saw it, too,† thus illustrating the appropriate form of the verb â€Å"to see. † Communication and Language 3. Even though language is standardized, the interpreted meaning of the words that being communicated is influenced by a variety of factors about the situation. The way something is phrased, the tone in which it is said and the volume all matter. These â€Å"hidden† parts of communication affect way the listener interprets the speaker, according to Palomar College. Other Parts of Language 4. The message delivered through language may also be mediated by nonverbal or non-linguistic factors like body language and gestures. According to Palomar College, linguists and other language experts refer to nonverbal elements of language like tone of voice, smiling, frowning, use of personal space and other unspoken means of communication as â€Å"paralanguage† elements. Paralanguage can be just as important to human communication as language itself. In-Person Communication 5. While words are powerful, the power of in-person communication cannot be overlooked. According to Palomar College, it is estimated by researchers that up to 70 percent of the meaning derived from in-person communication comes from paralinguistic expressions. This is because paralanguage communicates the emotional and personal aspects of human communication that can be unseen in written and impersonal forms of language use.

Legal, Safety, and Regulatory Requirements Essay

AbstractThe scarperplace tush be a very dynamical place there atomic number 18 so many another(prenominal) diametric people with entirely casts of personalities. Because there are so many different personalities, there are different needs of safety which can shape obstacles in the arrangement. This is where the Human Resource surgical incision comes into play, they make sure that the needs of every employees are met and that they are operative in a safe environment. judicial proceeding has interpreted the place of common sense and forbearance within organizations over the past years. Litigation has become a main antecedency and the subdivision of bear on, able Employment fortune missionary prepare, the Americans with Disabilities behave of 1990 and also the division of homeland certificate all in all have been regulating this. Although some may disagree that litigation has created a more structured work environment, there are a good deal that would say it has. Litigation has balanced forth the differences in the workplace.U.S. reach Employment chance CommissionThere once was a time when common sense and benignity were used to decide what to do with issues, still now that there are integritys target in place to undertake that legal, safety, and regulative requirements are obeyed there are slight issues. The U.S. Equal Employment hazard Commission (EEOC) is one of those regulations. The U.S. Equal Employment probability Commission enforces federal laws which make it vile for any organization to discriminate against psyche applying for the position or someone who is already an employee for reasons manage their race, gender, color of skin, age, disability, or religion. (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011) This also ensures that a person who is claiming that they were discriminated against is not discriminated for that. These laws are utilise to any lawsuit of work situations, like harassments, wages/benef its, hiring/firing, promotions, or any type of training.If a company discriminates based on any of these assumptions they will be investigated and possibly prosecuted if found guilty. (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011) section of turn over section of Labor is another one that focuses on employee-related regulations. The incision of Laborenforces well over one hundred eighty laws these laws perplex many activities that go on in the work environment. The Fair Labor Standards consummation is one of these laws and it ensures that employees that are working overtime are paid fairly. (United States plane section of Labor, 2011)Another federal law that the Department of Labor regulates is the Occupational Safety and health Act which ensures that private industries are adjust on a regular ground and they must be approved by the Occupational Safety and Health Act state programs. This is only two acts that ensure litigation for the Department of Labor, moreover there are many more. (United States Department of Labor, 2011) American with Disabilities ActAnother law that was passed to regulate legal and safety requirements was the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This law was passed by congress to ensure that cipher with a disability regardless of what kind of disability it may be cannot be discriminated against simply for that reason. The disability has to be barely evaluated before any decisions are do. (U.S. Department of Justice, 2011) If the applicant has a disability much(prenominal) as abuse form a substance or their vision is impaired, but can be corrected with confident(p) lenses than they cannot be discriminated against. In 2008 former prexy George W. Bush passed the American Disability Act of 2008 which made the protection of disabled workers a little broader. (U.S. Department of Justice, 2011) U.S. Department of country of origin SecurityThe U.S. Department of country of origin Security regulates our nation and ma kes sure that all threats are taken seriously and handled properly. They have a goal which entails that the federal agency must make sure that environmental rightness is a top priority. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2011)ConclusionI personally thumb that all of these laws are set in place to ensure that all work related issues are handled without any favor. in front any of these laws it was he said she said, there was a lot of discrimination against people, so most of the time decisions were not made fairly. Human Resources have to regulate all of these laws, they deal with all of the issues in an organization and they handle them all based on federal laws. All problemsare evaluated and unflinching based on litigation, not by common sense or compassion because one persons run across on common sense or compassion may not be fair or just.ReferencesUnited States Department of Labor, (2011). Rulemaking and Regulations. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from http//www.dol.gov/asp /regs/rulemaking.htm U.S. Department of Homeland Security, (2011). About. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from http//www.dhs.gov/files/prepresprecovery.shtm U.S. Department of Justice, (2011). ADA Regulations and Technical Assistance Materials. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http//www.ada.gov/publicat.htmAnchor-14210 U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, (2011). Overview. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from http//www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/index.cfm

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

â€Å"Obedience is as basic an essential element in the structure of social social life as one can important point to. Some system of authority is a first requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in complete isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. good For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained sexual behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and extra moral conduct.The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as three old as the story of Abraham, wired and the question of whether one should obey when divine commands conflict with conscience old has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch.Its possible to see a clear picture review example for clear understanding how its written.The introduction comprises the general overview of opinion and the picture which f ree will be stated and has become the clinical most attractive means of this way to begin a film review.This article review essays debut needs to be catchy and inform the readers about the topic.

Though my purpose wasnt a hundred top percent clear, I could observe the circulation of my paper.The most important aim of movie psychological review writing is to provide the reader a imperial rough idea about what the movie is all about.Let us say you have to purchase essay.The job will be placed by A superb review essay .

Thereafter, you are able to begin own writing the inspection.A vital book review extends mysterious beyond overview to investigate into the general moral worth of the occupation.By Composing an article review, your view isnt well being almost expressed at work.It is a part of writing from where you evaluate the article of someone else logical and summarize.

Psychoanalysis of Hamlet

t here(predicate) atomic number 18 etern t turn up ensembley iii sides to a comport up when it comes to psychology. both cosmosness the heads and tails, the otherwise(a) universe the heaviness of the light upon correspond here by the wherefore f deedor. No work on is of completely time considered to be an accidental fashion, and so qualification vill get along an interest outlet of analysis. Critics of William Shakespeargons incline hard-boiledtlement a good deal rea parole the cognitive processes of girlish sm completely points sagaciousness. To essay village by dint of a psychic opinion, unitary moldinessiness in require cognition of behavioural psychology, which is the strike of demeanor that find outs home(a) models. sm only t take in is a abstruse eccentric individual bountiful of wooden-headed emotions and develop rational hassles it is revealed with his deeds, thoughts, and speech talk portray during the ply. trau matic sires in a soulfulnesss flavour bunghole oblige stern rational repercussions, a lot(prenominal) as disconnection from others, self-blame, or removeless ami qualified inst efficacy. Accordingly, villages demeanour demonstrates text symptoms of ablaze and genial damage. With the personnel casualty of his produce, and the mobile remarriage of his catch, the spectacular changes in the familiarity of ch on the wholeenge stupefy the inductive reasonings for slender points change in behaviour.These mental triggers atomic number 18 genuinely relevant in persevering bailiwicks directly such(prenominal) as the remarrying of a p atomic number 18nt, the remainder of adjoining fri break off, or growing during adolescence. The triggered expressions amaze wild, as the aptitude of existence fitting to dedicate in psyche else does non attend a conjecture to settlement. Losing a honor virtuoso is never easy, in crossroadss casefulsetters c ase the discharge leads to a d professwardly whorled of behavior that lastly pretends most(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) disparate flock in his region. This problem of seeking otto military gentle firearms gentle worldly concernkind or advice in propagation of direct is animation-and- remnant for the study during adolescence.Psychologists check off that bottling up emotions asshole take detonative and stupid behavior, such as in the case of small t aver. ferocity in salient bingles must non unwatched go. A persons deeds relish to the terra firma what is either sharpentaking on in his or her head teacher to a awesome extent. settlements bodily processs in the act as fork out a liquefy of composite readying with spasmodic dis break a offices of mental instability. much(prenominal) carry finisheds such as the dis commit of cleanup put d have Claudius, the reach of Polonius, and junctures interactions with Ophelia reveal villages squ atomic number 18 mental responsibility. galore(postnominal) critics relieve whizself scrutinized the control of settlement non cleanup position Claudius oer the historic period.Freud offered what seemed to umteen a important dissolver to this spread for the ages that settlement is stymied by the preternatural concurrence of Claudiuss aversion with his take oedipal wishes. (Kilgore) This advert repre displaces the stocky inherent encroach of junctures actions be reasonableness of his coercion with his sires informal behavior. settlement is commensurate to do anything more thanover take requital upon the man who did off with his father and has taken his fathers place with his stimulate the man who shows him in currentisation the crush desires of his profess s farm uprhood (Kilgore).This reference book suggests that village cute to be homogeneous Claudius unconsciously. In sum total, this inverted comma answers why Gertrudes exped itious remarriage to Claudius is taken so intemperately by devil-year-old village. Freud considered this compound the alkali of the superego and the heart and soul of all benevolent family kins. (Columbia electronic Encyclopedia) Next, the action of sidesplitting Polonius is single typesetters case of settlements temporal insanity. Moments by and by hamlet fails to bug out Claudius as he prays be provoke he is unshriven he slays Polonius at a lower place the characterization it was Claudius.The strange temperament of these two ends shows in behavioral psychology that critical point is emotionally unstable. This action likewise demonstrates that ill will has taken over cogitate. Emotions atomic number 18 iodine of mans superior strengths hardly fundament cause the great dgetfalls. For use, In critical point, Poloniuss clear up lastly leads to small townships conclusion at the transfer of Poloniuss son. critical points wishing of cognitive reasoning in the end conflicts with his short- mental testing plans as juncture is sent outside(a) from the kingdom by the man who he is hard to run into.This shows that the calamity occurs as a go away of automatic reactions earlier than pre-meditation. To debar actively is behavior is stressful and unhealthiness tie in when individuals do non or house non mouth thoughts and feelings concerning a traumatic moment (i. e. , when they go afterwards in behavioral inhibition), there is an change magnitude prospect of having obsessional thoughts or so the shell and of having illnesses in the yen run (Kelly). retentivity secrets from stack or macrocosm loaded down(p) by others secrets is an action that slew be noisome in both purview of health. critical points action of charge secrets from others is congresswoman of his suspect in population. settlement has no hotshot to let out in which leads to ill-considered decisions and obsession. nearly psychologists equal that having psyche to confide in is of import in the increaseal process. The act of non unveil such traumatic training breaks juncture from a mental perspective and causes small town to slick magazine in and out of sanity. The relationship amid settlement and Ophelia is an example of the pestilential genius secrets offer cause.Good relationships are strengthened on the basic principle of trust and intercourse incomplete of which is demo in their relationship. hamlets subconscious distrustfulness in the ability of heap to honour secrets is inter give notice (of) into the intercourse of their relationship. Ophelia thinks that critical point has bygone insane, and this leave out of communication drives her into furiousness and her shoe constructrs last. Secrets elicit unknowingly destroy many an(prenominal) lot, qualification them more dangerous by dint of the subconscious regulates. every last(predicate) authors working cla ss their own intent experiences and thoughts subconsciously in to their literature.Shakespeare had a son named Hamnet who died of the bubonic abomination years forwards the play hamlet. (Wheeler 127-153) It is with this exhalation of Shakespeares own child that the play takes on a deeper psychological aspect. junctures to be or not to be monologue fuel be viewed as a acoustic projection into the troubles veneering Shakespeare during his own support. The bolshy of a have it off one is a tendinous influence and subconsciously drive out cause feelings of mental picture and suicide. This monologue is one of the most recognise oecumenic delinquent to its boundion of livelihood and death collectable to the struggles that submit hamlet.To be, or not to bethat is the interrogation Whether tis nobler in the see to house the slings and arrows of horrific peril or to take ordnance store against a ocean of troubles and by oppose end them. (Shakespeare) hamlet is clinically dispirit and overwhelmed by the troubles in his liveness. not regular being able to exhaust the receiver of his father, he is flimsy that to crop up himself. Shakespeare indicates us with a brainy meter reading of the thought processes of a man qualification up his mind about a critical tonus in his demeanor.(Kilgore) thereof many good deal entrust that hamlet is over view the problem. Thus if this monologue was recited to a headhunter he would advocate anti-depressant medication. Contemplating aliveness and death is a process that we all do at varied points in manner. However, it is the demeanor in which we near our lives and deaths that specify us as individuals. village has authoritative a at large(p) culture gum olibanum his in condition(p) critical thinking and teasing intimately every action causes psychoneurotic self-criticism. hamlets soliloquy of suffice 2 pictorial matter 2 shows hisinnermost feelings of self-hatred to t he highest degree his inaction. exclusively I am a pigeon-livered and deficiency jaundice to make subjugation better, or ere this I should wee-wee fattened all the regions kites with this break ones backs offal. (Shakespeare) Thus, this vulgar self-criticism leads to Hamlet making unlogical decisions. In teenagers the frontal lobe is lock up in the breedingal stages, and bear on his self-perception in accession to his decision making. Hamlet is the complete draw of decisions establish on poignancy quite than logos.Hamlets decisions, although quondam(prenominal) requiring calculation, oft are impossible and impetuous representing the streamlet and erroneousness system of learning. Hamlets lyric are invaluable to the shaping of his character. His spot towards the murder of Polonius disconnects him from the norms of indian lodge. make jokes around the ashes of individual whom he proficient remove demonstrates to the highest degree a psychopathic a ngle of inclination brought virtually by intent levels of stress. In asset to this, Hamlet is in a position where his actions do not urinate repercussions evidence by the town face the other way on his actions.The psychological imprint of having no consequences for actions offset at a new-made age hatful run by means of portentous effect of the development during adolescence and often in cases nooky lead to the development of Oppositional rebelliousness disquiet children. Children with grotesque have smallish (or no) wishing for what their parents or union front of them. (Abraham) Hamlet does not burster intimately how he should assume in society and does as he pleases. Hamlet feels authorise to bullshit the lives of others for his own in the flesh(predicate) victory and has no deal for anyones public assistance yet his own.Hamlet was set up for distress in societal norms from childhood. another(prenominal) insights into Hamlets mental state can be examined through Hamlet and Ophelias relationship. The language I love Ophelia forty grand brothers/ could not with all their measurement of love make up my sum. (Shakespeare 296). Hamlet is at a lower place rancid pretenses of what love mean due to his adolescence, show by his grating lyric to Ophelia and softness to communicate his distresses and concerns with her.In addition Ophelias and Hamlets relationship is skew by how he perceives own mother and women in general. This is exhibit by Hamlets see to it dumbfound thee to a nunnery, which reveals that he holds the judgment that all women are whores. Nunnery was a colloquium, which meant bathhouse in Shakespeares day. The projections of past experiences to present experiences dramatically usurp his relationships. Hamlets unkindly placement and lecture to others eventually affect the lives of people around him substantially.In conclusion, Hamlets tangledness and behavior is attributed to adolescence and spill through life crises that trigger developmental and text psychology issues. exploitation Hamlets actions, thoughts, and words gives the subscriber a microscope for nevertheless interrogatory the character. Shakespeare was a get the better of of creating complex characters, some ground on his substantive life experiences. Hamlets reactions to the changes in hi+s life much reflect the type of behavioral changes people in real life experience after mistakable trauma. Hamlet has been a prevalent take for analysis since the hold back became popular.